Suchergebnisse

Due to the continuous development of civil and military communications and information technology services, in an era of digitalization in which the need to allocate, allot or assign a much larger number of frequency bands is essential, it is necessary to adopt national and international rules and guidelines for sharing and efficiently managing the radio spectrum. The use of modern and/or emerging technologies involved in current or future military actions is dependent on the use of radio spectrum in an increasingly congested, contested and constrained electromagnetic operational environment.

Abstract
The potential increase in demand for wireless data and Internet services is likely to put stress on wireless networks, both in developed and emerging countries. Spectrum, an essential national resource for commercial mobile services, needs to be allocated, assigned, and managed appropriately within the extant institutional framework in respective countries. Spectrum has varied uses apart from commercial mobile services, especially in defense and national security. Williamson's four-layer model of institutions consisting of (a) values and norms, (b) institutional rules, (c) governance structure, and (d) the transactions is used to understand and analyze the aspects of spectrum management specific to India.

Abstract
The potential increase in demand for wireless data and Internet services is likely to put stress on wireless networks, both in developed and emerging countries. Spectrum, an essential national resource for commercial mobile services, needs to be allocated, assigned, and managed appropriately within the extant institutional framework in respective countries. Spectrum has varied uses apart from commercial mobile services, especially in defense and national security. Williamson's four-layer model of institutions consisting of (a) values and norms, (b) institutional rules, (c) governance structure, and (d) the transactions is used to understand and analyze the aspects of spectrum management specific to India.

Due to the continuous development of civil and military communications and information technology services, in an era of digitalization in which the need to allocate, allot or assign a much larger number of frequency bands is essential, it is necessary to adopt national and international rules and guidelines for sharing and efficiently managing the radio spectrum. The use of modern and/or emerging technologies involved in current or future military actions is dependent on the use of radio spectrum in an increasingly congested, contested and constrained electromagnetic operational environment.

The current development of fifth generation of mobile communications technology, known as 5G, has triggered intense discussions about proper spectrum assignment procedures to accommodate 5G spectrum needs (LStelcom et al., 2017). In particular, spectrum scarcity and lengthy processes to remove and relocate low-intensity uses have led to a renewed interest in spectrum sharing (PCAST, 2012). Since access to radio spectrum for the provision of commercial mobile communications services, mostly cellular telephony and wireless broadband access, is generally granted by means of exclusive usage rights, a growing stream of research is recognising efficiency gains of allowing spectrum to be shared, questioning the primacy of exclusive access to spectrum (Beltran, 2017). Against this background, this paper aims to discuss recent international attempts to introduce some forms of spectrum sharing for the assignment of spectrum rights for the fourth generation (4G) of mobile communications technology, in the light of current challenges posed by the fifth generation (5G). Recently, three cases have called or are calling for the award of rights to the shared use of the spectrum. These cases reveal the rationales supporting National Regulatory Authorities' (NRAs) decisions that led or will lead to the assignment of shared spectrum rights. Furthermore, they also reveal specific assignment methods – either proposed or not fully deployed, which this paper uses for its main contribution. The three cases considered for the analysis are: the 800 MHz and 2.6 GHz bands auction planned by the UK regulator in 2013; the Licensed Shared Access (LSA) approach defined by the European Union (EU); and the 3.5 GHz ecosystem developed in the United States (US). Using an analytical framework for the identification of the adequate spectrum management approach, this paper undertakes a comparison of the abovementioned three cases to draw lessons applicable to the upcoming 5G services.

"This book presents the fundamentals of wireless communications and services, explaining in detail what RF spectrum management is, why it is important, which are the authorities regulating the use of spectrum, and how is it managed and enforced at the international, regional and national levels. The book offers insights to the engineering, regulatory, economic, legal, management policy-making aspects involved. Real-world case studies are presented to depict the various approaches in different countries, and valuable lessons are drawn. The topics are addressed by engineers, advocates and economists employed by national and international spectrum regulators. The book is a tool that will allow the international regional and national regulators to better manage the RF spectrum, and will help operators and suppliers of wireless communications to better understand their regulators"--

"This book presents the fundamentals of wireless communications and services, explaining in detail what RF spectrum management is, why it is important, which are the authorities regulating the use of spectrum, and how is it managed and enforced at the international, regional and national levels. The book offers insights to the engineering, regulatory, economic, legal, management policy-making aspects involved. Real-world case studies are presented to depict the various approaches in different countries, and valuable lessons are drawn. The topics are addressed by engineers, advocates and economists employed by national and international spectrum regulators. The book is a tool that will allow the international regional and national regulators to better manage the RF spectrum, and will help operators and suppliers of wireless communications to better understand their regulators"--

The phenomenal growth in mobile communications and introduction of third generation (3G) mobile services have put focus on spectrum management in India. The radio spectrum is a limited natural resource that is fully renewable without incurring costs. Therefore, it must be efficiently used and equitably distributed. For this to take place, present spectrum allocation policy in India requires a number of modifications. Further, the government has selected the market approach for allocating spectrum for 3G mobile services. The market approach, unless accompanied by relevant policy changes, at the most will result in maximised receipts from spectrum auctions. The elements of spectrum reform that help realise development potential of telecommunications are brought out in this paper.

Over the past decade, several debates on spectrum management regimes in the developed countries have been held. However, the spectrum management regimes of developing countries are relatively understudied, especially east-developed countries. This paper studies current spectrum management reform in Myanmar. Myanmar has pursued reform of its telecommunication sector over the past two years. The initial round of reform resulted in the issuing of two nationwide telecom-operating licenses, followed by development of a regulatory policy framework to promote competition. Yet, the development of the country's regulatory policy is still on going. In terms of spectrum management, spectrum is regulated and allocated by the Department. At present, valuable spectrum is critically under-utilized in Myanmar. As part of the allocation of licenses to other operators, a clear allocation of spectrum is important in enabling cost and time efficient provision of services to the market. Therefore, the need for a transparent spectrum policy, that is, monitoring, identifying spectrum that is already in use, and protection of assigned frequencies still needs development. As a greenfield market, Myanmar has the opportunity to benefit from an improved use of its spectrum and to adopt efficient spectrum management policies. This paper will review three basic approaches for spectrum management regime, study the current spectrum management reform in Myanmar, offer policy recommendations and provide implications for future research on spectrum management and related areas. The findings show that Myanmar government had been using obsolete policies for ages. Until recent two years, major policy changes were happened. In addition, the spectrum management reform in Myanmar is going through a transition from the government-based approach to the market-based approach. Liberalized spectrum management policies have been issued, but not yet put into action. Hence, the study argues that the government should have a strong, committed regulatory environment in place before embarking on a transition in order to facilitate the transition process. Finally, this study provides further studies on liberalization, the digital divide, the development of telecom and broadband policy and specific reform in Myanmar.